| Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 |

Here we go again. I was seriously planning not to blog again about non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and instead concentrate on writing a full academic paper about the subject, but events have overtaken us, and it seems like a day in NFT-land is like a month in the real world, much like time has become irrelevant in the pandemic, but I digress.

So much has happened in the last week that it’s difficult to keep up. Jack Dorsey sold an NFT of his first tweet to a crypto entrepreneur for an equivalent $2.5 million USD, beating another crypto entrepreneur. The NBA had been selling NBA Top Shots, “unique” NFTs of NBA moments, the value of which exploded with the rest of the scene. Then an NFT of a collage of works of digital artist Beeple was placed at auction at Christie’s and it was purchased by another crypto entrepreneur for the eye-watering sum of almost $70 million USD, and all hell broke loose. Astute observers of the space have noticed that the buyer of the Beeple NFT already owned several tokens on other works, prompting questions about the validity of the value being exchanged in this space. In short, most of the action seems to consist at the moment of crypto-bros buying stuff off each other, adding to the hype and further inflating the market. But I digress again.

The incredible hype has brought about a gold rush in which everything is being tokenized and released as an NFT, so it was just a matter of time until someone tokenized something that didn’t belong to them, or something in the public domain. That time has just passed.

A few things have been happening in this front. First, a few artists started noticing that some of their art was being tokenized without their permission. This was to be expected, as the hype grows, the incentives to put something up for sale also increases, even if what is being tokenized doesn’t belong to the poster.

And now another inevitable and foreseen thing has happened. An entity known as the Global Art Museum (GAM) has started tokenizing public domain works and placing them for sale in the NFT marketplace OpenSea. GAM is “an art initiative that aims to transform grand Old Masters, from the Renaissance to Neoclassicism, into NFTs.” They claim that each painting is unique in the collection, and that 10% of sales will go to the museum.

This has generated a bit of a small twitterstorm, and it will be interesting to see what happens. However, this raises quite a lot of potentially interesting legal questions that I have not seen answered elsewhere. The first question is about the validity of making NFTs out of public domain works, and whether this is some form of copyfraud. The second is that of possible copyright infringement taking place in the NFT space. I will deal with each question separately. However, first we need to look at the underlying technology.

Minting a work

This question is related to what actually happens when a work is made into an NFT. I explained a bit about tokens in my previous blog post, but with possible copyright infringement and copyfraud claims taking place, we really need to look a little bit closer at what is happening under the hood when an NFT is created.

When we remove all of the hype, an NFT is really nothing more than metadata written into a blockchain. There are many ways of doing this, you can even test it yourself by installing a local ethereum node in your computer, downloading an NFT form contract, and applying it to a file in your computer and compiling it following one of the many tutorials out there that will allow you to create a local NFT (it’s sort of easier than it seems). The resulting data can be written into a blockchain, which requires access to a cryptocurrency wallet that can transact in the target blockchain (most likely Ethereum).

So assuming we want to mint an icon of a horse (these examples were created by developer Andrew Coathup), and you have an Ethereum wallet and funds, you can install an implementation of the ERC721 contract in your computer, and use the file to compile a contract which produces metadata that can be written to the Ehtereum blockchain, as is the case with this horse here. This metadata is using standards that are publicly verified and verifiable, so other intermediaries can just look at the data and see that this is a valid NFT. Because this metadata was encoded with a file and a set of private keys and private accounts, the resulting token is unique and intrinsically encoded with the original file.

While it is possible to do the entire minting operation on your own, the easiest way for anyone interested in minting their work is to use a third party service. Again, all one needs is an Ethereum wallet and funds for the transactions, there ain’t such a thing as a free lunch in cryptoland, so everything has to be paid with gas.

You may notice one thing about all of the above, which I think may be important when we analyse the issue from a legal perspective, and it is that while the image of the horse was used to encode the NFT and make it uniquely attached to the image, the NFT is not the actual image itself, it is the metadata that ties it to the original file. This is an important point that I feel is also being missed in some of the media coverage of NFTs. In some ways, it seems like what is being bought is a work of art, or a tweet, or a video, but that is not correct, what people are purchasing is a unique receipt written into the blockchain.

Many of you will see one of the first glaring aspects of the vaunted scarcity that is being created here, and it is that nothing stops me from making another unique metadata of the same work, the resulting data will be uniquely tied to the original, but there’s nothing stopping me from creating various versions of different metadata from the same image. In fact, I could even just re-size it by one pixel, and also produce all sort of “unique” metadata of the same thing, or of a different format of the same image.

The second thing is that one can add all sort of copyright related data into the contract and include it in the encoding of the file, but this again is just a claim that is written by the minter, it doesn’t make it true, and it is not a claim of property. One owns the NFT because one owns the keys that were used to mint it, and these can be transferred. There is a lot of misunderstanding of what the ownership of the NFT means, some people seem to think that if you buy an NFT of an NBA shot, you own that clip, when in reality you don’t, the terms of the NBA NFT are hazy on that respect, and on whether there will be other versions of the clip made available, and you can’t even really use the image without permission.

Moreover, one does not need to own the original itself, anyone can create an NFT of anything in the world, even if it doesn’t belong to them. Which brings us to the questions of copyfraud and copyright infringement.

Copyfraud

Copyfraud is generally understood as making a false or dubious copyright claim over a work that is in the public domain. Works that are in the public domain can be used by anyone, but sometimes an institution will make a copyright claim over one such work. There is little or no effect to copyfraud, to my knowledge only Chile has made it a criminal offence to falsely make a copyright claim over a work in the public domain, and there’s very little litigation on this subject. However, there has been some backlash against heritage institutions that have made dubious ownership claims involved with public domain works (unrelated note, I used to get more comments in the blog!).

So while there may not be a legal issue with copyfraud taking place, we have to ask if the tokenization of works by GAM is doing here even copyfraud. As we have seen above, when one makes an NFT of an image, one has to have an original file that is being used to mint the token. In the case of GAM, they took artworks from the digital collection of public domain works at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. This is a very famous and celebrated collection that has gone entirely digital, and most of it is flagged as being in the public domain.

Found at the bottom of all artwork.

The Rijkmuseum encourages re-uses of its works, and this is a strong political statement in defence of the public domain. When visiting Rembrandt’s The Night Watch, one is allowed to make prints of details, download the image to use in a new creation, and even to order posters of the work. This is keeping with the idea that one should not enclose the public domain, it’s for everyone to use. The copyright status of the work is clearly set as being in the Public Domain, and while there could be some claims over the photograph of the painting, it’s unclear that it would meet a threshold for protection. The Rijksmuseum claims ownership of all the photographs of its artwork, but doesn’t seem keen to enforce it.

So the GAM project had legitimate access to the Rijksmuseum works, and so there is no issue with regards to minting a work and turning it into an NFT, as is the case with the same painting. One may not like the possible enclosing of a public domain work, and personally I find the use of PD works in this way in order to profit and make an NFT as rather distasteful, but it’s definitely not illegal.

Furthermore, one could argue that what is being done here is not even copyrfraud at all. GAM has made clear that all the works come from the Rijksmuseum, and do not claim any involvement with the institution. What they have done is used an image, and I have to say a sort of low quality copy at that, and used it to mint some metadata and write it in the Ethereum blockchain.

So there are no claims of ownership, just the minting of a “unique” version of the work which is not even a copy of the work itself. No copyfraud here.

But then what’s the point? Here is where I’m more critical. While legal, I find that the inevitable rush to make an NFT out of all public domain works is a good indication of the vacuousness of the NFT scarcity idea. The people at GAM can mint Rembrandt’s works, but so can I! I just can’t be bothered to pay about $40 USD at today’s prices to have the work minted. Moreover, the mythical uniqueness of this token still baffles me, it’s just metadata. All files in the world are unique in one way or another, an NFT is just having a cryptographically signed version of it, and one not even from the author (because, you know,  public domain artists are no longer with us). So I can buy something and tell everyone that I own an exclusive metadata, which everyone else can reproduce.

So while my initial reaction was one of disgust, I have come to see it mostly as slightly unethical at worst, and pointless at best. There may even be a silver lining, with all the amount of money flying around at the moment, it would not be the worst thing in the world if some of it made it to a museum to continue preserving the public domain. (edited to add: apparently it was all a big joke!).

Copyright infringement

While the minting of public domain works is interesting, the issue that is most likely to generate legal conflicts is the minting of a work from a person that is not its author or owner. The other phenomenon taking place is that people have now started minting works that do not belong to them.

Artist WeirdUndead complained that someone had been minting their works and placing them in OpenSea, while another artist called CorbinRainbolt had some of his works on dinosaurs also tokenized without his permission.

In both instances works have been removed from the NFT marketplaces, but it prompts us to ask the question of whether the unauthorised minting of a work would actually be copyright infringement.

I actually think that this is a trickier question than it would appear at first, and again I revert to the manner in which works become tokens. As explained above, you need a file to digitally sign and turn it into a non-fungible token. This could be done with your own works, a photographer can do this with a digital file of their picture, and an artist can do the same with their digital art. But what if I wanted to mint a work by Beeple, or by Banksy? Who would do that? Well, I did, at least in a local blockchain using Ganache and Pinata (instructions on how to do this can be found here).

I wrote a smart contract called PirateNFT and used it to compile an image by Banksy (I thought about using Beeple, but I really dislike his art). Then I uploaded the picture and a metadata file to Pinata, which added a hash to the work, and the metadata claims that I am Banksy. The next step was done to compile the NFT locally putting everything together, in effect minting it to my local blockchain. In a real implementation I would be minting it for real into a blockchain using either a third party service, or on my own (with the appropriate tools and wallets). Let’s imagine that I went the extra step and uploaded the metadata not only to a file service such as Pinata, but turned it into a full NFT in a public blockchain. Have I infringed copyright in some form? (Edited to add: I’ve gone ahead and minted the image).

For certain I downloaded the file from the Internet, and then went and produced some metadata that is intrinsically linked to it. While the file is online, it need not be, an NFT is not the image itself, but the tokenized version of the image. Is this unauthorised copying? Is it a communication to the public? I am not sure, as I said, my NFT is not the work itself, it is just a non-fungible token of it. My thinking right now is that the NFT is not a communication to the public as long as a copy of the original hasn’t been made available, but I’m willing to listen to other people’s ideas.

My pirate token also has some encoded metadata making false ownership claims, and that could possibly be an infringement of the moral right of attribution, which may be a better avenue to pursue this.

Concluding

We really have not many answers, I tend to think that building an NFT out of an image may not necessarily infringe copyright unless an infringing copy of the work has also been uploaded and made available to the public. I also do not think that making NFTs out of public domain is illegal in any sense. The public domain is for everyone to use (and abuse).

I do think strongly that the current craze is unsustainable both in a market and environmental level. Until Ethereum moves away from Proof of Work, the environmental concerns about the waste of resources used in the creation of an NFT will not go away. I also think that NFTs will lose their shine once people realise that what is being exchanged is not the work itself, or any ownership claim over the assets, and that there’s nothing stopping the token issuer from making more copies of their assets. I can’t help but thinking that NFTs are a just a pound-shop version of DRMs, with added environmental end monetary expense.

Whatever happens, I may have to write another blog post next week at the current pace.


42 Comments

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michelsdave · March 15, 2021 at 11:56 am

Really interesting blogpost! Thanks for sharing. I have a query on whether the unauthorised minting of a work would be copyright infringement.

When you downloaded the picture of a Banksy, you created a local copy of the work. Then when you uploaded the picture to Pinata, you created another copy of the work (on Pinata’s server).
In both cases, you’d need either a licence for this copying – or to rely on an exemption from copyright.
Moreover, even if you obtained a licence to copy from the right-holder, this licence may well have come with certain conditions, such as ‘for your own personal, non-commercial use’…which may not cover NFT-minting.

So it strikes me that, in the process of minting the NFT, you likely engaged in acts of unauthorized copying. What do you make of this reasoning? Keen to hear where you disagree – or what I may have missed.

Thanks again for the excellent post!

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    Andres Guadamuz · March 16, 2021 at 2:55 pm

    Thanks, I think that I didn’t explain properly as my thinking on this is still in flow, I hope to get everything together into a full journal article.

    The answer is that yes, in principle me copying the Banksy file would be an infringement, although in most countries it would be allowed as private copying. Me uploading it to Pinata would definitely be making an infringing copy, and also a communication to the public (same applies if it’s received with a restrictive licence). But the actual NFT is not infringing in itself because it is not a copy. The exception to this is if the full image is encoded into the blockchain, but that it really, really expensive.

    I hope that makes sense.

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      michelsdave · March 18, 2021 at 11:51 am

      Yes, thanks, Andres, that makes perfect sense!

      The NFT itself is not a copy of the work and so dealing in it does not infringe anything. Yet, as you say, minting the NFT required undertaking acts restricted to the right-holder (in this case, uploading and having it hosted by Pinata) – and so would require a licence. Effectively, I think that means only the right-holder can mint – or allow others to mint – an NFT, which makes sense to me.

      In case it’s of interest, we’ve done some research at the Cloud Legal Project on why you cannot own a digital file as a thing in itself under English law. Draft paper available on SSRN here: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3387400.

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        Andres · March 18, 2021 at 4:00 pm

        Fantastic, thanks! I’ll definitely read it and cite it whenever I write the full paper.

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      NDKoba · May 2, 2022 at 12:07 am

      It is a very interesting blog. Thanks for sharing !
      Also helps a lot at understanding the process.

      Though, beyond the process, there is the purpose.
      As you mentioned, you need an image first, or a file, or some sort of “content”. In my opinion, any blockchain registration or tokenization appears as a derivative -or an extension- of some pre-existing works and cannot exist without it nor be detached from it.

      In addition, I don’t see how one might claim any IP over the “tokenization” process itself, as long as the process is mechanical and doesn’t imply any creation or invention. (despite certainly some time and effort…)
      The developers/owners of the third-party tools used in the process might be better grounded for potential IP claims over part of the process and the registration data itself than any “user”.

      As for infringement, I guess the red line is publishing /releasing to this or that audience. Indeed, without exposure, and for a private usage, one is free to reproduce an existing work without authorization.
      Though, isn’t “going public” precisely the reason-to-be of tokenisation ?
      …As a registration of IP and rights attached to an identified object-file, by using a blockchain that goes beyond a local disk ?
      Additionally constitutive of a fraud if IP or rights are wrongly attributed in the blockchain, hence made public.

      Last, I totally agree with your second thoughts about Public Domain. My understanding is that Public Domain both adresses creators’ rights -which are protected way beyond lifetime-, after which the works become “history” and should be considered as a common heritage. It totally makes sense. Which doesn’t make me that fond of recycling. Well, we are free in our appreciation of the value of such works…

      Cheers.

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    Gareth Jones · March 18, 2021 at 2:21 pm

    Hi David, I’m just pinging you the same question i just asked Andres, hope you don’t mind! What do you think the status is when it comes to creating something physical that isn’t an NFT or to be an NFT – such as the poster example from the museum piece – but the original source IS an NFT? Does that make sense? So for example, I decide that i like one of beeples nft pieces, and I decide to create a poster from it and sell it. Would I need permission from him? And what if that work is sold and belongs to someone else now? Say it belongs to my brother, would i need permission from him to create and sell the poster? I thought initially this was a clear cut case of copyright infringement but no I’m not so sure! Thanks also for the paper link, looks interesting ill go read that.

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Ben Carasso · March 15, 2021 at 6:26 pm

GAM did claim a relationship with these museums stating that they had an agreement to give part of the proceeds to these institutions. It was only when challenged about this that they changed the wording on OpenSea and changed the names of the collections from being “Rijksmuseum Collection” etc.

I think a big part of the issue was this claim of having official relationships where none existed.

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    Andres Guadamuz · March 16, 2021 at 2:56 pm

    Thanks Ben, that makes a lot of sense, GAM clearly had not really thought this through.

    I still think that it’s immoral, not illegal 🙂

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Andrew Ducker · March 17, 2021 at 11:11 am

“I have come to see it mostly as slightly unethical at worst, and pointless at best.”

That sounds about right to me. I just feel puzzled as to what they’re useful for.

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    Anonymous · September 19, 2022 at 10:32 pm

    NFTs are being used in a useless space at present as a means of mass adoption. Eventually they will be used as a means of ownership for real world assets, ie property and land, in the short to medium term. Over 90% of land registry records are now digitised.

    I knew about NFTs back in 2016 for this very reason.

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Anonymous · March 17, 2021 at 3:36 pm

Hi. I’m interested to know what you CANT mint as an NFT?

For example can I just use my favourite GIF thats been around for years and look to sell it as an NFT?

Can I use an audio clip of a movie quote or a sports star and sell it as an NFT?

What are the rules and laws here?

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    Andres · March 18, 2021 at 3:59 pm

    You can mint absolutely anything digital as an NFT, and even things that are not digital, but that can be turned into a digital format (take a picture of a sculpture). It’s just using a file to create metadata and write it in the blockchain.

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Gareth Jones · March 18, 2021 at 2:19 pm

Hey Andres, fascinating stuff. I’m just disappearing into a wormhole at the moment and your post is very interesting. I do have a question related to copyright. What do you think the status is when it comes to creating something physical that isn’t an NFT or to be an NFT – such as the poster example from the museum piece – but the original source IS an NFT? Does that make sense? So for example, I decide that i like one of beeples pieces, and I decide to create a poster from it and sell it. Would need permission from him? And what if that work is sold and belongs to someone else now? Say it belongs to my brother, would i need permission from him to create and sell the poster? I thought initially this was a clear cut case of copyright infringement but no I’m not so sure! I will copy this into Dave’s response as he might also have a view.

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Andres Guadamuz · March 18, 2021 at 4:45 pm

Excellent question. The NFT is not the actual work, and it is not a claim of ownership. All of Beeple’s art has copyright regardless of whether it’s an NFT or not, so any reproduction that you do would be copyright infringement.

As to ownership, buying an NFT is not buying the artwork, one is buying a limited copy file, so Beeple will still own all of his art, unless there is a traditional transfer of property of the copyright work. I hope that makes sense.

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    Gareth Jones · March 19, 2021 at 10:12 am

    Hi Andres, yes totally! Thanks for that!

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    David Beaumont · June 10, 2021 at 5:57 pm

    An artwork has its own copyright as does a photo of that artwork but the photo could still infringe the rights attached to the original eg if you start selling pictures of Banksy’s work he could use you even though the photo itself is a separate work with its own copyright. If someone copied that photo and sold copies, both Banksy and the photographer could sue.
    So whether an NFT of the photo of the Banksy work infringes the copyright if either the original work or the photo would depend on how the law sees the relationship between the NFT and the work or the photo. It may in fact be the case that the NFT does not infringe the copyright of the original work because there us nothing in the NFT is ‘copying’ about the original work. There is, as you say, no actual image with an NFT. The only way it could infringe the copyright of the digital photo would be if the metadata I that makes up the NFT is a copy of metadata that is an intrinsic part of the digital photograph even though the NFT does not replicate the actual image.
    An NFT would presumably have its own copyright but since they are unique and can’t be copied then it’s a pointless concept when applied to them.

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ggsench · March 24, 2021 at 9:36 am

If you think this is disgusting, you should take a look at what Disney is doing with the public domain stuff

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    Andres Guadamuz · March 24, 2021 at 4:12 pm

    Initial sense of disgust, slightly unethical. And yes, that applies to Disney too.

    But as I said, it’s all in the public domain, people will create their own versions of works that are in the public domain, and profit from them. It’s the whole point of the public domain.

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    Andy J · March 28, 2021 at 11:19 am

    I am no fan of Disney’s business ethics, but at least when it comes to turning a traditional folk story into a cartoon etc they do display a modicum of creativity. But with all the hype around NFTs, I could easily see someone building an AI which completely automates the entire minting etc process, which when let loose in the wild could hoover up the internet, tokenising close to the entirety of human knowledge. Theoretcially possible, I suggest, but obviously serving zero purpose.

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elxtrick · May 21, 2021 at 5:38 am

Really good read when i was having the flood of people try to explain what little they knew about NFT these where some of the same questions i was asking them. Thanks for taking the time to lay it all out like this

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Anonymous · June 17, 2021 at 12:47 pm

Hey, thank you very much for this awesome informations. But I still have a question. If an artist make an original artwork with let’s say Goku. Hairs clothes and all the Dragon Ball “codes” but no copy a real original “fan art” and mint it as NFT will it be under copyright ? I see Beeple uses Pikachu, Buzz Mickey etc.

Thanks.Hey, thank you very much for this awesome informations. But I still have a question. If an artist make an original artwork with let’s say Goku. Hairs clothes and all the Dragon Ball “codes” but no copy a real original “fan art” and mint it as NFT will it be under copyright ? I see Beeple uses Pikachu, Buzz Mickey etc.

Thanks.

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    andrewducker · June 17, 2021 at 1:33 pm

    I don’t think that the “and mint it as NFT” adds anything to this question. Minting things as an NFT has no effect on whether they are under copyright.

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Nick · August 10, 2021 at 3:26 pm

Hi Andres – interesting stuff here.

Presumably the sale of an NFT does not require the seller to transfer a digital copy of the accompanying image to the purchasor to further avoid any infringing acts (if the NFT has a hyperlink to the image). In the UK there is an infringing act for ‘authorising’ others to infringe copyright under s.16 Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988.

I haven’t completely thought it through but if the NFT acts as a licence to authorise a person that buys an NFT to use the accompanying image in specific ways, and the image is an infringement, then the person selling the NFT appears to also be authorising third parties to infringe copyright. Whilst minting is itself not a restricted act, presumably the only reason to mint an NFT would be to trade it so I would have thought that a court would take a dim view on this sort of activity.

N

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    Andres Guadamuz · August 11, 2021 at 10:55 am

    Excellent point Nick. The problem is that most NFTs do not ha any accompanying licence, so it would not be authorisation.

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      nick · August 11, 2021 at 6:04 pm

      Thanks for the quick reply Andres!

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Lia · August 22, 2021 at 10:05 am

Hi Andres – thank you so much for this post. It really helps me to understand more about NFT. I still have some questions though if you don’t mind. If I comprehend correctly, NFT is not a copy of the digital work itself, so it is not an infringement of copyright. Then, what is the real creator could do (legally) if their digital work had been tokenized without permission? what if the NFT that represents their digital work has been sold? Doesn’t the real creator face some economic loss here? Is it still not infringe their copyrights?

Thank you in advance.

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    Andres Guadamuz · August 25, 2021 at 10:33 am

    Hi,

    I’ve written a more comprehensive article that brings together most of the blog posts: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3905452

    Long story short, most copyright infringement will be dealt with by the platforms when they respond to DMCA requests (check out my latest blog post about Pepe the Frog). As to economic loss to the creator… I don’t think so, nothing stops the creator to make their own NFT and sell it as the true and original version.

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      Lia · September 2, 2021 at 5:57 pm

      Thank you so much for the reply Andres!!

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C. Milton Powell · January 23, 2022 at 4:20 am

It appears to me that derivative works are copyright protected under fair use. For example lets say I upload a bunch of public domain art work and even some privately held copyrighted works and use them to create new images of lets say “windmills” am I free under fair use to be protected since my work is a derivative and unique incorporation of many works?

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    Andres Guadamuz · January 23, 2022 at 9:36 am

    If the work is in the public domain, then yes, you can do whatever you want with it. But the question gets complicated if the work is not in the public domain. In that case jurisdiction will play a very big part, fair use only exists in the USA, the rest of the world has a more strict system of exceptions and limitations. A derivative may or may not be infringing.

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whatarenfts · August 31, 2022 at 10:39 am

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cryptomiikey · January 17, 2022 at 6:11 pm

I hear what you are saying, however, what is not clear anywhere is, If I have a photo, I then minted and sell. The buyer got full rights what do I do with the original which I will still have with me at my home. Do I throw it away as I have no further rights. Hope you can help. Thanks Mick

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Andres Guadamuz · January 17, 2022 at 10:38 pm

If I understand correctly, you are saying that if you own a photo and mint it, then you have no rights left if you sell it. That is the opposite of what I’m saying (no offence intended, this is a bloody difficult topic). An NFT confers no rights whatsoever, you retain all of your copyrights even after selling an NFT. So please keep the photograph!

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Een open brief aan Taco Dibbits · December 20, 2021 at 1:02 pm

[…] hoofdredacteur van de Journal of World Intellectual Property zegt op zijn beurt in het artikel ‘Copyfraud and copyright infringement in NFTs’ dat wat het Global art museum doet weliswaar smakeloos is maar niet […]

NFT-urile – o opinie contra curentului - JURIDICE · April 6, 2022 at 10:10 pm

[…] automatizat, sub forma de algoritm, care se executa odată cu fiecare tranzacție cripto [9] https://www.technollama.co.uk/copyrfraud-and-copyright-infringement-in-nfts [10] https://postergrind.com/how-to-check-the-ownership-of-an-nft-7-methods/ [11] Cum există, de […]

‘The apotheosis of ownership’: What is the future of NFTs? - Tech Monitor · September 1, 2022 at 12:17 pm

[…] the researcher explains in a series of articles, the ability to mint someone else’s artwork constitutes a serious threat […]

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